1973年8月23日，一伙劫匪冲进瑞典斯德哥尔摩市诺玛姆斯多格广场的一家信贷银行，并占领了银行。其后5天，几名银行职员被劫匪扣作人质，关在保险库里。劫匪最终向当局投降。之后发生了一件怪事，在媒体采访中，多数惨遭囚禁的银行职员都对劫持者表达了支持和同情，甚至有人愿意在随后的庭审中，作为品德证人为劫匪辩护。
这些事件公布约一年之后，报业巨头威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特的孙女帕特里夏·赫斯特被自称“共生解放军”（共生军）的团伙绑架。共生军妄图实施一系列恐怖活动，以支持极端的左翼事业，其活动类似意大利的“红色旅”和德国的“巴德尔与迈因霍夫红色旅”。被囚禁两个月后，赫斯特加入了劫持者阵营，在媒体声明中宣布自己与家族断绝关系，加入共生军。其后不久，赫斯特与共生军其他成员卷入了一起抢劫银行未遂案件，并因此被捕。
从这两次事件以及其他一些事件中，心理学家及精神病学家发现了一种新的心理现象，即斯德哥尔摩综合征（或赫斯特综合征）。进化心理学研究者通常认为：斯德哥尔摩综合征是人类历史早期出现的行为现象。以下是对其起源的标准解释：在早期的狩猎采集社会中，各个部落相互之间要争夺有限的食物资源，这往往会引发部落冲突。在此情况之下，男性经常劫持敌对部落的女性成员。在物竞天择的原则下，能成功融入新部落的女性更占优势：她们能幸存下来，甚至为劫持者繁衍后代。无法在情感上认同劫持者的女性往往未能幸存，即便自己免于一死，也往往没有生育后代。
我认为这一解释并不尽如人意。首先，斯德哥尔摩综合征对男女都有影响。其次，该综合征的表现形式多种多样，相比之下，进化论的观点过于片面和狭隘。
斯德哥尔摩综合征只是另一种综合征最极端的表现。这种综合征更加普遍，所有人都或多或少地受其所累：在与权势人物的相处中，我们往往会对其产生正面情感。即便可能被这些权势高于自己的人加害，受到对方的不公对待，人们也往往会顽固不化地保持这种正面情感。改变境遇的机会越渺茫，人就越有可能对权势人物表达正面情感，而将自己受到的不公对待归咎于自己。这方面的例子不胜枚举：妇女遭到家暴，却拒绝离开有施虐倾向的丈夫；老板劣迹斑斑，却莫名其妙地得到了员工的谅解；重要客户盛气凌人，甚至目中无人，却无人追究。
我所指的情况并不包括我们完全自知地位低下，却明白怒形于色会适得其反，因而出于策略原因隐忍怒火。我所指的情况是，面对于己有害的人，仅仅因为对方处于权势位置，我们就一反常态地给予谅解，或完全忽略其行为。相比之下，对临时老板或无足轻重的客户，我们会迅速予以反击，除非反击的代价太高。
在很多情况下，权力分配对我们极为不利，情感机制就会与认知机制相互配合，调节受辱感与愤怒感。这是理性的情感行为，适当发挥作用，可增加我们的生存概率。然而，在极端情况——如妇女遭遇家暴——下，这种行为模式也可能对我们贻害无穷。如有权势人物施以小恩小惠，情感机制也会放大我们的感激之情，我们会因此过于看重此类恩惠，毫无来由地相信权势人物拥有仁慈正派的品质。这就是警察审犯人时，唱红脸和唱白脸这种手段屡屡成功的秘诀所在——唱白脸的警察演完戏却没能让犯人认罪后，唱红脸的警察忽然以天使般的姿态出现，要么递咖啡，要么递烟，总是将犯人的最大利益放在心上。
这种小恩小惠即便是来自（或许尤其是因为来自）极其可怕的权势人物，也有一定的情感力量。我对此有所认识，是因为我父亲给我讲过一个故事。1932年，我的父亲汉斯·温特就读于德国柯尼斯堡的伊曼努尔·康德小学，是全校唯一一名犹太学生，他尤其清楚地记得他的历史老师格鲁勃博士。格鲁勃是虔诚的天主教徒，也是狂热的纳粹支持者，无视魏玛共和国的课纲，自备内容存在恶意排犹、种族歧视倾向的教案，宣称德国是人类文明的摇篮，而犹太人是尼安德特人的后裔。他很清楚我父亲是犹太人，时时幸灾乐祸地当着其他学生的面羞辱他。例如，有一次他把父亲叫到教室前面，让他复述害耶稣被钉死在十字架上的故事。格鲁勃还完全无视魏玛政府严禁在学校举行政治集会的禁令，在上课期间举行大规模的纳粹集会，并最终发展成家常便饭。父亲在家里支支吾吾地提起了这件事，这险些让格鲁勃丢了饭碗。此后，他把父亲叫到教室前面的次数减少了，但目光仍然时刻不离父亲。
1933年2月初，格鲁勃博士在学校组织了一场盛大的典礼，庆祝希特勒就任德国总理。前任政府限制在学校举行政治活动的限令一夜之间即遭废除。至当天早上八点钟，饰有“”字符的旗帜和横幅已经准备就绪，父亲心惊胆战又愤愤不平，觉得参加这种活动不堪忍受，于是把手中的旗帜给了站在他身前的男孩，便从学校的游行地点匆匆逃走，冲进了教学楼，想躲进卫生间，但迎面撞上了在卫生间里唱纳粹国歌的格鲁勃博士，他穿着笔挺的冲锋队制服。
“汉斯·温特，停下！”格鲁勃声嘶力竭地咆哮道。
汉斯飞快地跑出校园，到了熙熙攘攘的城市街道，打算跑进离学校半英里远的叔叔开的一家小麦出口公司。他要是能赶在格鲁勃抓住他之前跑到公司办公室，就能脱离危险，因为他的父亲很有可能在场。他父亲若是能看到格鲁勃的企图，一定能想办法让汉斯再也不用见到格鲁勃。
在2月份，柯尼斯堡的气温经常处于零摄氏度以下。汉斯运气不佳，当天的街道结了一层厚厚的冰。在寒冷彻骨、滑溜溜的城市街道上慌手慌脚地跑了几分钟后，他的脚在冰上打滑了，摔在了人行道上，腿也摔伤了。这时，他已经能听到格鲁勃气喘吁吁地赶了上来。他相信不消几秒，人高马大的格鲁勃就会扑到他身上来，把他的脑袋按在冰上，让他没有办法还击。而且，也没有人会施以援手，阻止格鲁勃对他展开全面报复。
接下来发生的事对我父亲的性格产生了——或好或坏的——深远影响。在纳粹接管德国政权的那一年，尽管命运乖舛，却没有任何事件的影响可与之比拟。
格鲁勃小心翼翼地走到父亲身边，把他抱在怀里，柔声细语地说：“汉斯，发生了什么事？让我看看你伤到哪里了。”格鲁勃仔细查看了他脚上的伤，然后扶着汉斯站起来，拍了拍他的脑袋，指了指附近的一间咖啡馆。格鲁勃埋单给他叫了一杯热茶和一碟巧克力蛋糕，汉斯隔着桌子满腹狐疑地看着他。
格鲁勃坐在那里，用手臂托着下巴，头与汉斯保持齐平。他解释称，他追赶他是想跟他和解，而无意伤害他。
“实际上，我想告诉你，作为教育工作者及你个人的老师，我认为自己对你在学校的健康快乐负有责任。没有人可以伤害你，无论是学生还是教师，谁都不行。答应我，要是有人想伤害你，你会告诉我。”
格鲁勃滔滔不绝了一番，强调既然阿道夫·希特勒已经成为德国元首，尊重、公正和礼貌自然会成为新纳粹德国的特质。一番夸夸其谈后，他从容地开始享用他为汉斯点的蛋糕。
这个故事我听父亲讲了许多遍，每每描述起咖啡馆的情景，他都会眼含泪光，声音哽咽。我的父亲有此反应，是因为他依稀记得在德国上学的最后一年受尽了苦头，还是因为一脸恶人相的格鲁勃把他吓得魂不附体？我认为两者都不是。我认为，我的父亲之所以有此反应，是因为他在最出人意料的场合，最出人意料的时间，从最出人意料的人那里，得到了善待。他显然将格鲁勃当作了英雄——实际上，也可以说是正义之士。
为什么性情乖戾的格鲁勃做了几分钟的谦谦君子，就能得到这般待遇？我一直不敢直接问我父亲这个问题，但显然格鲁勃性情乖张、行为可鄙，我父亲并不是不计前嫌，反而正是因为这点才会多年来一直感念他。
我父亲的情感反应是斯德哥尔摩综合征的一种轻度表现。他所处的境况是，在纳粹刚刚开始掌权的那段人心惶惶的时期，一名地位在他之上的教师让他的生活苦不堪言。这名教师稍稍付出了一点代价，便得到了这名学生的感念，这是理性情感作用的结果，保护了我父亲，让他得以熬过在德国最后几个月的艰难生活。某种情感在特定时间内或许是理性的，但这种情感会在我们的内心根深蒂固，乃至失去保护作用后，还会继续存在数十年之久。
On August 23,1973, a gang of robbers broke into and occupied a credit bank in Nomamsdoge Square in Stockholm, Sweden. During the next five days, several bank employees were taken hostage by the robbers and kept in the vault. The robbers finally surrendered to the authorities. Then a curious thing happened. In media interviews, most of the imprisoned bank employees expressed support and sympathy for the hostage-takers, and some even offered to defend the hostage-takers as character witnesses in the subsequent trial. About a year after the revelations, Patricia Hurst, the granddaughter of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, was kidnapped by a group calling itself the Symbionese Liberation Army. The symbionts have attempted a series of terrorist acts in support of radical left-wing causes, similar to the "Red Brigades" in Italy and the "Red Brigades of Baldur and Meinhof" in Germany. After two months in captivity, Hurst joined the hijackers, declaring in a media statement that he had renounced his family and joined the symbiotes. Shortly thereafter, Hurst and other members of the symbionts were arrested in connection with an attempted bank robbery. From these and other episodes, psychologists and psychiatrists have discovered a new psychological phenomenon, Stockholm syndrome (or Hurst's syndrome) . Researchers in evolutionary psychology generally consider Stockholm syndrome to be a behavioral phenomenon that emerged early in human history. Here's the standard explanation: in early hunter gatherer societies, tribes competed with each other for limited food resources, which often led to tribal conflicts. In such cases, men often abduct female members of rival tribes. Under the natural selection, women who successfully integrate into a new tribe have an advantage: they can survive and even reproduce for the hijackers. Women who do not identify emotionally with their captors often do not survive, and if they survive, they often do not have children. I don't think that's a very good explanation. First, Stockholm syndrome affects both men and women. Second, the syndrome manifests itself in a variety of ways, making the view of evolution too one-sided and narrow. Stockholm syndrome is just the most extreme manifestation of another syndrome. The syndrome is more common, and everyone suffers from it to a greater or lesser degree: we tend to have positive feelings about powerful people in our interactions with them. People tend to cling to these positive feelings even when they may be victimized and treated unfairly by those who have power over them. The less chance you have of changing your situation, the more likely you are to express positive feelings towards powerful people and to blame yourself for the injustices you have suffered. Examples abound: a woman who has been subjected to domestic violence but refuses to leave her abusive husband; a boss who has a track record but somehow gets an understanding from his employees; an important client who is domineering and even dismissive, and no one's looking for it. I am not referring to situations where we are completely self-aware of our low status, but we know that our anger is counterproductive, and so we withhold it for strategic reasons. I am referring to the situation in which we uncharacteristically forgive or completely ignore the actions of people who are harmful to us simply because they are in a position of power. In contrast, we respond quickly to a temporary boss or a client who doesn't matter, unless the cost is too high. In many cases, power is distributed to our disadvantage, and emotional and cognitive mechanisms work together to regulate feelings of shame and anger. This is a rational emotional behavior, played properly, can increase our chances of survival. However, in extreme situations such as domestic violence against women, this pattern of behaviour can also be harmful to us. When powerful people give us small favors, our gratitude is amplified by emotional mechanisms, leading us to place too much value on such favors and to believe, without reason, that powerful people possess the qualities of kindness and decency. This is the secret of the repeated success of good cop/bad cop tactics in police interrogation. After the bad cop plays the show but fails to get the prisoner to confess, the good cop suddenly appears as an angel, coffee or cigarettes, always in the best interest of the prisoner. Such small favors, even from (and perhaps especially from) the most formidable of powerful men, have an emotional power. I know this because my father told me a story. In 1932, my father, Hans Wynter, was the only Jewish student at the Immanuel Kant School in Königsberg, Germany, and he remembered his history teacher, Dr. Gruber. Gruber, a devout Catholic and fervent Nazi sympathizer, ignored the syllabus of the Weimar Republic and prepared his own case, which contained hateful, Anti Semitic and racist texts, declaring that Germany was the cradle of human civilization, and the Jews are descended from Neanderthal. He knew very well that my father was a Jew, and he often took great pleasure in humiliating him in front of the other students. For example, he once called his father to the front of the classroom and asked him to repeat the story of the Crucifixion of Jesus. In defiance of the Weimar ban on political rallies in schools, Gruber organized mass Nazi rallies during classes, which eventually became commonplace. At home, his father mumbled about it, which nearly cost Gruber his job. Since then, he called his father to the front of the classroom fewer times, but still never looked away from his father. In early February 1933, Dr. Gruber organized a grand ceremony at the school to celebrate the inauguration of Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. The previous government's restrictions on political activity in schools were lifted overnight. By eight o'clock that morning, flags and banners emblazoned with the"" character were ready. My father was frightened and indignant, and felt it was unbearable to participate in such an event, he handed the flag to the boy standing in front of him, ran away from the school parade, ran into the school building, tried to hide in the bathroom, but bumped into Dr. Gruber, who was singing the Nazi national anthem in the bathroom, he was dressed in a crisp sa uniform. "Hans Wynter, Stop!" Growled Gruber at the top of his voice. Hans dashed out of the school and into the busy city streets, intending to run into a wheat export company run by his uncle half a mile from the school. If he could get to the office before Gruber caught him, he would be out of danger, for his father would probably be there. If his father had seen what Gruber was up to, he would have figured out a way to keep Hans from ever seeing him again. In February, the temperature in Königsberg is often below zero degrees Celsius. Unfortunately for Hans, the streets were covered with ice that day. After a few minutes of frantic running through the cold, slippery city streets, his foot slipped on the ice and he fell on the pavement, breaking his leg. By this time, he could hear Gruber Gasp up. He believed that in a few seconds the huge Gruber would jump on him and hold his head on the ice, making it impossible for him to fight back. And no one would have come to his aid to prevent a full-scale retaliation by Gruber. What happened next had a profound effect -- for better or worse -- on my father's character. In the year of the Nazis'takeover of Germany, there was nothing like the impact of an ill-fated event. Gruber walked gingerly to his father, cradled him in his arms, and said softly, "Hans, what happened? Let me see where you hurt." Gruber examined the wound on his foot, then he helped Hans to his feet, patted his head, and pointed to a nearby cafe. Gruber paid for a hot tea and a plate of chocolate cake, and Hans looked at him suspiciously across the table. Gruber sat with his chin in his arms, his head level with Hans's. He explained that he had pursued him in an attempt to reconcile with him and had no intention of harming him. "in fact, I want to tell you that as an educator and your personal teacher, I feel responsible for your well-being at school. No one can hurt you, student or teacher. No one. Promise me that if anyone tries to hurt you, you'll let me know." Emphasizing that since the Adolf Hitler had become the German head of state, respect, fairness, and politeness naturally became the hallmarks of Neo Nazi Germany. After much talking, he took his time and began to enjoy the cake he had ordered for Hans. I had heard the story so many times that my father would choke with tears and sob as he described the cafe scene. Did My father react because he vaguely remembered his last year of school in Germany, or because the villainous Gruber scared the hell out of him? I don't think it's either. I think my father reacted this way, because he received kindness from the most unexpected people, on the most unexpected occasions, at the most unexpected times. He clearly saw Gruber as a hero -- in fact, a righteous man. Why did the surly Gruber, after a few minutes of being a gentleman, get such treatment? I had been afraid to ask my father this question directly, but it was clear that Gruber was perverse and contemptible, and that my father had not forgotten the past, but had been thinking of him for many years because of it. My father's emotional response was a mild form of Stockholm syndrome. He found himself in a situation in which a teacher who was above him made his life miserable during the frightening period when the Nazis had just come to power. The teacher paid a small price to get the student's gratitude, the result of rational emotion that protected my father through the difficult last months of his life in Germany. An emotion may be rational at a certain point in time, but it can remain ingrained in us for decades after it has lost its protective role. 标题: 我们为何会爱上虐待我们的人？作者: 埃亚尔·温特
字数: 3147
简介: 1973年8月23日，一伙劫匪冲进瑞典斯德哥尔摩市诺玛姆斯多格广场的一家信贷银行，并占领了银行。其后5天，几名银行职员被劫匪扣作人质，关在保
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